Philosophy of Literacy Education - 3054 Words

Personal Philosophy of Literacy Education Throughout my first year as a middle school Language Arts teacher, I have developed a theoretical understanding of what I believe are the necessary components to providing a meaningful and generative environment in which students develop and expand literacy skills. The teaching of literacy needs to include a balance of reading, writing, speaking and listening activities, and needs to be a social endeavor that provides a variety of instructional strategies to meet the needs of all diverse learners. My teaching strategies, beliefs and personality that I bring to my classroom can be characterized as a blend of two types of philosophical theories: social constructivism and relational teaching and†¦show more content†¦Literacy cannot be learned through multiple lessons taught solely in isolation. Instead, it must be learned in a comprehensive manner, in which various literacy skills are fully-integrated. Vygotsky (1987) is the theorist wh o appears to have had the greatest influence on literacy researchers working from a social constructivist perspective. Vygotsky’s approach to learning was holistic in nature, and he advocated the study of higher mental functions with all their complexity (Moll, 1990). Research on school literacy learning conducted from a social constructivist perspective suggests that students need to engage in authentic and relevant literacy activities, as opposed to rote memorization or repetitive worksheets contrived for practice (Au, 1998). The fourth element of my philosophy of literacy education is the importance of teaching literacy through bringing relevance, to establish a deep link between the students and the content. My student population is comprised of an array of diverse backgrounds, all coming together in my classroom. Literacy achievement of students of diverse backgrounds can be strengthened by moving from a mainstream orientation to a more diverse orientation, giving greate r consideration to issues of ethnicity, primary language, and social class (Au, 1998). Themes in constructivist work encourage creating relevant learning experiences for students as a central part of literacy acquisition, includingShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy Of Equitable Literacy And Language Education Essay2042 Words   |  9 PagesPhilosophy of Equitable Literacy and Language Education The purpose of education is to provide children with a further understanding of subjects and the world around them. Education gives children a chance to mature and develop socially and intellectually. Each and every child is unique and needs special individualized attention in the classroom in order to learn and grow. 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We must research the pros and cons of each philosophy and pick and choose which sectionsRead MoreLiteracy Is The Cornerstone For All Learning926 Words   |  4 PagesLiteracy is the cornerstone to all learning; it is imperative to future academic success. (Tracey and Morrow, 2012). Due to the significance of literacy instruction, there are a myriad of ways to teach literacy. Literacy is a complex subject, honing in on balancing reading, writing, speaking, and listening. As a result of the complexity of literacy instruction, we arrive at the age-old debate of what is the best literacy instruction . My philosophy of literacy instruction centralizes around theRead MoreI Am A Great Philosophy Of Education1104 Words   |  5 PagesTeachers need a great philosophy of education, which includes a great philosophy of literacy. The philosophy of literacy contains two parts, which are the philosophy of reading and the philosophy of writing. Every teacher has their own belief in what constitutes a great literacy program. â€Å"Balanced reading is deep-rooted in the belief that teachers should constantly be aware of student individual needs and progress† (Bennett, n.d.). I will be discussing my philosophy of reading and my beliefs on whatRead MoreBank Street School For Children1160 Words   |  5 Pagesimprove quality of the program for children and their families. The teacher uses every opportunity to foster intellectual mastery and function in the learning environment. Bank Street curriculum’s environment, philosophy, principals, and Teachers as families, are involved to the entire education of children’s growth. 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Costing Concerns in Society Free Essays

In today’s competitive economy, the cost structure is much more complex than that of the past, and there is a lot less room for error than that allowed in the more laid back economy of the past. Today’s costing concerns arise from the growing disparity between direct and indirect product costs. American manufacturers have been pursuing a steady stream of manufacturing methods and technologies. We will write a custom essay sample on Costing Concerns in Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now The goal was simple and uniform: to reduce or eliminate direct costs. But as manufacturing has evolved, so has the structure of a product’s cost. Direct costs, such as labor, are no longer the dominant cost of a product. The cost of indirect activities such as automation, marketing, sales, engineering, and order processing have dramatically increased. Overhead has grown to become the most expensive element of product cost structure. This might not be so bad if conventional product costing systems could handle the shift in cost structure. Unfortunately, they don†t. Most conventional systems allocate overhead based on some burdened rate (direct labor hours is a good example). This was acceptable when overhead was small and direct costs were high. But in today†s automated factory, this can lead to disaster. Conventional systems report inaccurate product costs–often grossly inaccurate. Management, in turn, makes strategic decisions based on these inaccurate product costs. Traditional cost systems assume all overhead activities are consumed equally by all products relative to volume produced. Further, all costs are allocated to products because the system assumes that current output drives current overhead costs. Overhead costs are allocated to products on the basis of the product’s demand for some volume variable direct cost, usually labor hours, machine hours, or materials cost. But none of these bases individually represents the actual overhead incurred to make the product. Conventional thinking holds that the inaccuracy is not relevant because in total all costs are accounted for, and on average the relative distortion in margin reporting can not be significant. Activity based costing, by contrast, identifies what activities are performed by the overhead organization and calculates the cost incurred to perform each activity. Costs are traced to products on the basis of the individual product’s demand for these activities throughout the process of converting raw materials, energy and human enterprise into the finished article. The allocation bases used in ABC, then, are the quantifications of activities performed. These might include hours of labor or number of times handled. As already mentioned, conventional costing often leads to gross inaccuracies. This is because direct costs–especially direct labor–have been minimized by automation. At the same time, indirect costs have increased dramatically. And it†s the indirect costs that get averaged across product lines by conventional methods. To see how bad the errors can be, look at the following chart. Conventional costing says that product B has a much lower overhead cost per unit ($4.80 vs. $7.20 for Product A). But this can†t be so. Product B consumes five times as much engineering change activity as Product A. Product B should cost more to produce. What has happened here is that the conventional system has averaged overhead costs across both products. The total cost of engineering changes is divided by the total direct labor hours. The result, $2.40 per direct labor hour, is then applied to each product. This overhead averaging causes Product A to carry an unfair–and inaccurate–portion of the overhead costs. Now guess what happens when these cost figures are used in pricing. Product A will probably be overpriced for the market, and Product B will be sold for less than its true production cost. Conventional costing says that product B has a much lower overhead cost per unit ($4.80 vs. $7.20 for Product A). But this can†t be so. Product B consumes five times as much engineering change activity as Product A. Product B should cost more to produce. What has happened here is that the conventional system has averaged overhead costs across both products. The total cost of engineering changes is divided by the total direct labor hours. The result, $2.40 per direct labor hour, is then applied to each product. This overhead averaging causes Product A to carry an unfair–and inaccurate–portion of the overhead costs. Now, using the ABC concept, the costs are apportioned according to a driver, the number of engineering change orders. (ECO’s) The next graph shows the reallocation of overhead costs by the ABC method. Product B is now carrying its fair share of ECO processing costs. As would be expected, Product B actually costs five times more than Product A in terms of indirect activity consumption. As you have seen, activity based costing can offer much clearer insight into the operations of a business than the conventional method .of the past. When ABC is used as a management system, it is a powerful tool for rethinking and improving products, services, processes and a company’s market strategies. How to cite Costing Concerns in Society, Essay examples

New York

Question: Read the article New York's smoke-free regulations: Effects on employment and sales in the hospital industry. Critically analyze the study based on the individual elements of Krathwohls chain of reasoning. Answer: Applying theory to research There has forever been a relationship between research and theory in science. Although both are complementary to one another, many a times both are regarded as an alternate for one another. The theory is founded on the research that additionally support research. Theories that dont care about the research are merely the unproven ideas and are biased. Therefore, true science at all times consists of both theory and empirical, controlled research. The individual constituents of Krathwohls chain of reasoning vitally examine the relationship of the research and theory. In this study, the case of New York's smoke-free regulations and its consequences on the sales and employment in the hospitality sector is studied (Charles, 2006). The requirement for research on Smoke free regulations in the NY city is extremely significant, as there is a grave predicament in the common view that smoke free directives will result in diminish in sales as well as employment in the hospitality-sector. But, the real fact is that neither the employment, nor the sales are hurt when smoke-free directives are put. Before carrying out a research, it is of extreme significance to evaluate the prior work, and dispense what is the goal of the research. This study shows that the prior claims that the smoke will be excluded, and the environment will be made vigorous look as a tough measure by the federal and state governments which will cost the hospitality market. Prior Research The prior researches have evidently revealed that hospitality workers experience considerable coverage to secondhand smoke which augments the danger of lung cancer. Also, there have been researches that have shown that following the execution of the smoke free hospitality, the instances of respiratory problems have reduced sharply in the hospitality employees. Another empirical study is that of the year 2002, according to which 231 jurisdictions in the US have directed smoke-free restaurants or worksites, comprising the whole states of Delaware and California (Ghauri, 2002). The position of local hospitality-industry financial system has been researched and examined by both objective and subjective means. Objective processes mostly comprise examining employment levels while subjective processes comprise as restaurant owners' or customers' reports on modifications in business previous to and after the execution of the smoke free directives. These studies have revealed that on the whol e there is no diminish in the local hospitality-industry financial system. Although, the claims made by tourist agencies and big organizations have frequently become obstructions for governments to put into practice the some smoke free directions. Thus, although the existing research demonstrates that the avers of the hospitality sector are wrong, there is still necessitate for a wider study on the topic (Hyland, 2003). In this research, alterations in employment and taxable sales in hotels of 5 nations in the New York State, which have put into practice smoke-free dining directives have been analyzed. The main self-sufficient variable in our study is the attendance/nonattendance of smoke-free directives. Parameters of study Mostly 5 parameters are examined in this study and they are - The division of retail sales from drinking and eating places Per-capita hotel employment Per-capita chargeable sales from drinking and eating organizations Per-capita taxable sales from hotels Per-capita restaurant employment Both prior to and after the execution of the smoke free regulation the circumstances of the local hospitality-industry financial system is examined (Mark, 2012). Also, in order to make the research more quantitative a variety of statistical instruments are utilized. It consists linear-regression model which was made to appraise the height of every result as a role of 4 autonomous variables, that is, the attendance of the smoke-free season, time and unemployment rate. The year of employment rate is also studied and statistics are taken from NYSDOL. The result of economic trend is examined both ways by contrasting drinking and eating sales with the retail sales in a given nation and by contrasting sales in the same nation over time and employment, time and season are taken into consideration (Michael, 2014). The amount of hotels is reduced a little. The positive drift is seen in the employment and sales. Per-capita hotel employment augmented in three nations and diminished in two others. The account and the empirical study carried out here is fairly clear and goes to the line of research. All the nations have demonstrated an immense propensity with no or positive association amid the execution of the smoke free agreement and employment. This also obviously expends the fact that other nations should start putting into practice the smoke free directives. Thus, the purpose of the study is obviously attained, though if the data will be examined further more advantage from the smoke free directives will come out. The 5 variables referred to above evidently have a no or positive effect from the smoke free directives. The research also asserts to be technical, as most of the constraints are followed correctly, like, going by earlier researches, defining the variables and genuine data are collected from a variety of sources to draw the final (Easterby-Smith, 2008). Therefore, the principle now is backed by observable research data. All through these studies the data demonstrates that the smoke-free directives are good for the business. The study carried out here goes with the precise rule and it evidently frames out the technical standards (Fiske, 2004). This paramount thing about the study is that it also reflects on a variety of other things. A lot of different factors come into sight to have an effect on the hospitality sector, consisting the universal financial environment and secular alterations in dining and travel actions. Policymakers should not shun from putting into practice smoke-free regulations for the reason of panic of lost business. In its place, lawmakers should pass smoke-free directives for the reason that they lessen patrons' and workers' experience to secondhand smoke. Managers must welcome the prospect to defend the well being of their patrons and employees by getting smoke-free devoid of the dreads of lost revenue or patronage (Casse, 2011). Quality of the study The study is of good quality, it takes care of a variety of other factors and also the probable sources. Also, the sample size is fairly big which makes the account more clear. The data demonstrated here is pretty good and the things are revealed adequately, so the general quality is good. Although in the study frequently clear margin is not drawn amid diverse factors, like, hypothesis, purpose and methodology (Schwab, 2009). Therefore, the methodology and the data should more effortlessly understood if the data would be presented in another way. Also, the other probable factors are not considered in detail so the study is not very vivid. Conclusion The result of smoke free directives generally has no unpleasant effect on the hospitality sector and employment. Therefore, other sectors should also start utilizing free smoke directives, as it only assists to save the wellbeing of the populace. It will also assist to save the environment. The companies are in profit as they have to shell out less taxes as they are producing less harmful gases. Thus, Per-capita taxable sales from drinking and eating businesses has augmented piercingly which will improve the financial system in the long term and the economy will become strong. References Casse, C. (2011). Challenges and Controversies in Management Research.New York: Routledge. Charles, J. (2010) Chapter 32: Applying Theories to Research: The Interplay of Theory and Research in Science Available on: https://dx.doi.org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.4135/9781412976626.n32. Retrieved on 25 January, 2016 Easterby-Smith, M (2008). Management Research (3rd edn). London: Sage. Fiske, S. (2004). Mine the gap: In praise of informal sources of formal theory. Personality and Social Psychology Review 8 (2004). 132137. Ghauri, P. (2002), Research Methods in Business Studies: A Practical Guide (2nd edition), London: Hyland, A. (2003), New York's smoke-free regulations: Effects on employment and sales in the hospitality industry, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 9-16. Mark, N. (2012) Research Methods for Business Students sixth edition. Harlow, England, Pearson Education, Inc. Michael, S. (2014),The Exposition of Artistic Research: Publishing Art in Academia,Leiden: Leiden University Press. Schwab, M. (2009). Draft Proposal. Journal for Artistic Research. Bern University of the Arts.